Crimes Against Children Essay

ABSTRACT Child abuse clearly has a negative impact on children and can result in behavioral, cognitive, emotional, and developmental difficulties. This may lead to greater difficulties later in life that will extend into adulthood. The use of proper investigation techniques and appropriate handling of cases, however, can result in less traumatization for child abuse victims. I. Introduction According to Hess & Orthmann (2010), law enforcement agencies are charged with investigating all crimes, but the responsibility is greater when children are involved. Because children are more vulnerable than other members of society, their protection under the law must be greater. Crimes against children cover an extensive range of crimes, including but not limited to: maltreatment, sexual exploitation, sexual abuse, abduction, trafficking and molestation. Child abuse investigations involve many challenges and therefore warrant specific techniques and considerations for successful outcomes in terms of cases solved and prosecutions. This paper will begin by defining specific terms that are germane to the topic of crimes against children. The next section will provide a scope of the problem concerning crimes against children. The following section will offer a theory framework to account for offenders of crimes against children. The fifth section will offer a literature review of current research findings regarding crimes against children investigative techniques. This is followed by a discussion section that will identify strategies and recommendations for successful investigative outcomes. Finally, the last section will summarize and conclude the important aspects of crimes against children investigation strategies as they relate to successful outcomes and prosecution. The significance of this paper is that it contributes to the criminal  justice system by critically reviewing investigative strategies and techniques as they relate to their mission of successful outcomes in crimes against children cases. This paper is written for colleagues and clerisy who have a professional or academic interest in reducing crimes against children through utilizing the best investigative strategies and techniques. II. Maltreatment of Children Defined Maltreatment means to treat someone roughly or abusive (Hess & Orthmann, 2010). The four common types of maltreatment include neglect, physical abuse, emotional abuse, and sexual abuse. A. Child Neglect – The failure to meet a child’s basic needs. This could include starving a child, or not keeping a child clean and well-kempt. B. Physical Abuse – Refers to violence against a child. While the laws may vary from state to state regarding the specifics of what constitutes physical abuse towards a child, this term refers to excessive abuse such as punching, strangling, or causing bodily harm to a child. C. Emotional Abuse – Involves causing fear or feelings of unworthiness in a child. This may include hurling insults at a child, or intimidating a child. D. Sexual abuse – Sexually molesting a child, performing sexual acts, statutory rape, and seduction (Hess et al, 2010). III. Scope of the Problem The extent of the problem is described by two conflicting views. One on side of the spectrum, there is a maximalist alarmist perspective and on the other side there is the minimalist skeptical perspective. The maximalist alarmist perspective believes that child abuse and neglect is reaching epidemic proportions and unless drastic steps are taken child abuse will continue and only get worse. The minimalists consider the maximalist view to be overly exaggerated and overstated for their own self-serving purpose (Hess et al, 2010). According to Juvenile Offenders and Victims 2006 National Report, child fatalities are the most tragic consequences of maltreatment. An estimated 1,530 children died because of abuse or neglect. 41.1 percent of child fatalities were caused by neglect where physical abuse was also a major contributor. More than three-quarters of the children who died because of child abuse were younger than four years old. However, some experts  believe that child fatalities may be underreported by 50 to 60 percent (Hess et al, 2010). The effects of child abuse are upsetting, disheartening and potentially very dangerous. Child abuse and neglect result in serious as well as permanent physical, mental and emotional damage. Unfortunately, the effects of child abuse may lead some victims to behave in future criminal behavior (Hess et al, 2010). Emotional damage from the effects of child abuse is disturbing. It may cause the victim to have an increased level of aggression along with self-destructive tendencies. Antisocial behavior can put not only the family in harm’s way, but also the community (Hess et al, 2010). Antisocial behaviors along with physical aggression are two of the most constant outcomes of physical abuse. Fear and anger are also incorporated with abused children. Some studies have suggested that childhood abuse and neglect will reduce cognitive skills and can lead to attention defi cit disorders. In addition to deficit disorders, neglected and physically abused children do not do well in school. These children tend to produce low grades, lower standardized tests scores and much retention in the same grade, but neglected children are far worse off than those who are physically abused (Chalk, Gibbons, Scarupa, 2002). IV. Theory Framework to Account for Offenders Crimes against children have numerous broad based causations rooted in criminological, psychological, and biological theory constructs. From a crimes against children investigative perspective, the power and control theory, (as a subset of conflict criminology), as posited by Hagan, Gillis, and Simpson (1990) accounts for a significant niche of offenders. In their theory Hagan et al. (1990) describe the power bestowed to males by the patriarchal system of marriage. While primarily an explanation of domestic violence, the power and control theory also incorporates domestic aspect of child abuse, neglect, and sexual assault (Hagan et al., 1990). Hess and Orthmann (2010) add further support in their claim that 90 percent of child abuse suspects are parents or an adult known to the child. Tanner (2009) notes limitation of the power and control theory is it does not explain or predict violent behavior, only that offending behavior toward children does occur in significant numbers in a pat riarchal construct. Even with this limitation, the power and control theory is useful in identifying offenders  and developing useful policies and strategies in crimes against children investigations. V. Literature Review A specific technique for a better outcome for handling child victim cases would be to establish a children’s advocacy center. Allowing these centers to place law enforcement officers, child protection workers, prosecutors, therapists, medical professionals all in one center will be to coordinate investigations, prosecution and treatment to the young victim. These centers can conduct child-friendly interviews rather than multiple interviews that may be in an interrogation room or in the house where the abused victim was neglected to such criminal activity. By placing children in an advocacy center and using a multidisciplinary team approach, it is easier for a team of professionals to work together to ensure that the maltreatment of the child is responded to in the best possible way with the least amount of further trauma. These centers â€Å"†¦improve the quality of information and increase the number of successful prosecutions† (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999). Unfortunately in the criminal justice system, law enforcement agencies must vie for federal funding and therefore resources like advocacy centers may not always be available in all cities and towns to coordinate such a team of professionals. Another idea that has been proven to work better than others would be to bring other agencies together and form a multidisciplinary team approach to the situation. The purpose of bringing these teams and agencies together is to limit the amount of times the child is interviewed, to coordinate intervention, and to reduce the amount duplication of agency procedures (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999) Joint and coordinated responses help cases not â€Å"fall through the cracks† (Hess & Orthmann, 2010). Joint interviews and monitored interviews will help reduce inconsistencies that may occur and improve the quality of information that is given by the child (U.S. Dept. of Justice, 1999). VI. Discussion/Recommendations Investigating child neglect and maltreatment cases can be very demanding and is perceived by prosecutors as the most difficult to prosecute. Protecting the child from further harm, interviewing the child, and the need to involve  other agencies are three challenges that occur when investigating child abuse and neglect (Hess et al, 2010). To help address these issues, there are some strategies in place to help children in need. To protect the child from further harm, under welfare regulations and codes, an officer may place a child in temporary custody without a warrant if there is an emergency (Hess et al, 2010). To help overcome challenges (i.e., short attention spans, difficulty discussing the abuse, and the fact the child was most likely told not to tell anyone) when interviewing a child, officers should consider the children’s age, their ability to describe what happened, and the retaliation by the suspect once the child â€Å"tells† (Hess et al, 2010). One idea w ould be to consider inviting a social worker or therapist who has studied child psychology and who is formally trained and has experience talking with troubled and abused children. VII. Conclusion Crimes which are committed against children have dire consequences, not just for the victims but for society as a whole. Police investigations of crimes against children require specific strategies and techniques for successful outcomes. With a wide scope of crimes being committed against children, law enforcement officials are charged with ensuring the safety of the child, and getting all the information about the crime from the child. This may involve bringing in social workers, creating children advocacy centers or other mental health professionals in order to provide an environment where children can feel they are safe to talk about what has happened. While some solutions to this problem may be expensive, time-consuming, or difficult; protecting the child is the ultimate goal for law enforcement and proper training for those who are involved in child abuse cases is paramount to bringing justice for these young victims. VIII. References Chalk, R., Gibbons, A., & Scarupa, H. (2002). The Multiple Dimensions of Child Abuse and Neglect: New Insights into an Old Problem. Research Brief, Retrieved April 11, 2013, from http://www.childtrends.org/Files/ChildAbuseRB.pdf Hagan, J., Gillis, A. & Simpson J. (1990). Clarifying and extending the power and control theory. American Journal of Sociology, 9, (4), 1, 1024-37 Tanner, J. (2009). Teenage Troubles: Youth and Deviance in Canada, 3rd edition. Oxford Publishing U.S. Dept. of Justice. (1999). Breaking the Cycle of Violence: Recommendations to Improve the Criminal Justice Response to Child Victims and Witnesses. Office for Victims of Crime, 6, Electronic Source Only. Retrieved April 15, 2013 from: http://www.ovc.gov/publications/factshts/monograph.htm Hess, K. M., & Orthmann, C. H. (2010). Criminal Investigation (9th ed.). Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.

Leadership Failure at Tyco Essay

William B. Lytton remembers the aura of working in the White House in 1987, amidst the power and the personalities that surrounded President Ronald Reagan. Lytton had taken leave from his Philadelphia law firm for six months to act as Deputy Special Counselor for Reagan during the Iran-Contra investigation. â€Å"I would mentally pause and think of how fortunate I was to be there,† Lytton recalled. But as if to check that emotion, he would summon the lessons of John Dean, the young White House lawyer who found himself caught up in the Watergate scandal after allowing himself to become â€Å"dazzled,† as Lytton put it, by the blinding light of power. Speaking to several hundred Vermont Law school students, Lytton recommended they readBlind Ambition, Dean’s memoir about the Watergate years. The book, he said, would serve as a vehicle for young lawyers to question themselves on how they might behave in such a situation. Lytton’s Oct. 6 lecture, entitled â€Å"Just Say No,† laid out the ethical challenges faced by lawyers in a culture where it is often difficult to speak up to power, whether it be in a politically charged atmosphere such as the White House or in a corporate culture such as Tyco International. Lytton stepped in as general counsel at Tyco in 2002 as the company was enmeshed in a multi-billion accounting fraud scandal. Lytton’s role was to resolve the legal issues and clean up the culture, no small feat in a $38 billion company that employed 260,000 people worldwide. His friend was among those under indictment. In the Tyco failure, Lytton said, â€Å"They failed as leaders. They forgot that leadership was about serving others and not themselves. † But it was also a failure of those who follow the leaders, the corporate lawyers who failed in their duty to keep the leaders in check. Like John Dean during Watergate, Tyco lawyers wanted to please their bosses. When the scope of the corporate corruption became clear, Lytton said, the remaining questions were, â€Å"Where were the lawyers? Where was the harsh spotlight of scrutiny? † Yet while the public clamors for criminal prosecutions in such cases, Lytton maintains that it is not illegal intent, but rather the culture of the corporate world and the pressure â€Å"to make your numbers† that often drives corporations into such scandals. Most of the people who became infamous for their misdeeds&helip;were not evil people,† said Lytton, who also serves as a VLS Trustee. As he sees it, they lost sight of the cultural boundaries, blinded by their own career advancement goals. That, he said, is where the role of the corporate lawyer becomes critical. â€Å"As a lawyer, you have a greater and a different responsibility than everyone else,† he said. While it might prove difficult to stop bad th ings from happening, â€Å"Sometimes,† he said, â€Å"you do need to just say no. † A leader plays very important role in the success of the organization. Good leader has vision and he can take the organization forward, a not so good leader finds himself unable to influence the employees and lacks vision and he may cause the failure of the organization. A good leader has exceptional quality to influence his followers . A leader has extraordinary effect on followers and followers become committed to the leader. So, if leader is taking his followers towards the organizational goal, it is positive for the organization. A good leader has power to motivate the followers to contribute individually and hence collectively to the organization. Leader helps the followers (employees) to achieve the goals and objectives set for the organization. A participative leader includes the employees in decision making process. He encourages the employees to share their ideas and views which is considered in decision making process. It makes the decision making like a team work and employees feel themselves a part of the decision making team. So, participative style of leadership motivates the employees to contribute more and increases the belongingness. The leader has vision to foresee the future of the organization. He motivates the employees accordingly. He has influence among employees and he leads from front. By sharing that vision with other followers, and allowing them to take part in achieving that vision, all individuals will benefit from the successful results (Bateman, & Snell, 2007). Any organization’s long term goal is more than just making profit. Organization needs to manage its resources including human resource, efficiently to achieve the set long term goal. Leader plays very crucial role in achieving the goal. He can lead the organization to success or failure. All leadership styles try to achieve same goal, i. e. o help the employees to contribute more individually as well as collectively, and take the organization forward. Organizational culture plays major role in the success of an organization. A successful leader helps in creating healthy organizational culture which allows individual as well as organization to grow and sustain the growth. The failure of the leader is reflected in the weak organizational culture which may result in the failure of the organization. Other important factor which decides the success or failure of an organization is management and organizational structure. Management is responsible for long term planning and setting up the goal of the organization. They have the control of the organization. Top management executes Planning function of management as per POLC model. Other activities of the organization are directed to achieve the goal set in planning phase. If top management fails in setting right long term goal of the organization, all other activities will also be directed in wrong direction and hence, organization may not sustain for long. Organization’s structure and hierarchy delegates power(authority) and responsibilities. It dictates who will do what and who has got what level of authority. Organization’s structure tells who is in charge of taking what decision and who is responsible for a specific act and decision. A successful organization should have clearly defined delegation of authority so that if something goes wrong, management can track the responsible person and know the reason why it went wrong. Sometimes organization deliberately create the organization structure in such a way that any mischief can not be determined easily. In short term organization may be benefited from such organizational structure, but in long term kit may be fatal for the organization’s very existence. TYCO International Tyco International is a diversified global manufacturing and service provider company, having stake in electronics and telecommunication, security, healthcare, flow control etc. Tyco Tyco has been victim of many scandals. It has been acquiring so many businesses and in year 2002 it posted extensive loss. In an effort to cut losses, Tyco divested Tyco capital business through IPO. Tyco healthcare segment also divested its Surgical Dynamics. As a result, in 2002, turnover rose to $35 billion but company incurred a loss of $9 million, including asset impairment write-down of $3 billion. In addition to the financial woes, Tyco faced another massive scandal in 2002- Its former chairman and CEO, L. Dennis Kozlowski was charged for excesses. In 2002, Edward D. Breen was appointed CEO of Tyco for three years. In 2004 Annual Report, then CEO Edward D.  Breen said- † Our success was based on a simple strategy: to make operational excellence a core competency, to build a platform for sustainable organic growth, to invest in our people, and to hold ourselves to the highest ethical standards†¦ † (Allen, & Hartman, 2008). Tyco was pursuing organic growth strategy. In organic growth, company seeks to grow by increasing revenue of existing business rather than acquiring other companies. This was a part of long term plan of Tyco. Tactical plans are made for shorter period to implement the long term plan successfully and achieve the long term goal set by the management. Tyco started working on reviving its corporate image and enhance consumer awareness. In order to build brand value, Tyco launched a global print campaign ion 2004 – â€Å"Tyco a vital part of your world. † Tyco started reviewing its core business and sold rest of the businesses. As a part of this strategy, Tyco sold TGN in 2004 (which was almost entirely written off by that time). In total, Tyco divested 21 businesses and liquidated 4 non-core businesses. In line of the strategic plan and tactical plan, Tyco’s operational plan was also showing same trend. Operational . Tyco had set very good operational plan as well. [pic] Failure of Tyco was the failure of management and leadership. All wrong decisions, lack of control, absence of any internal control system, organizational structure with flaw and weak organizational culture caused the failure of the giant Tyco International. Its former chairman and CEO, L. Dennis Kozlowski and senior managements faced prosecution for â€Å"larceny and conspiracy, falsifying business records and violating business law. † (Tyco Worldwide, 2004, 1). They were accused of misappropriating money and assets from the company for personal use totaling in the range of $210 million dollars. cover their theft, they entered into secret contracts, further damaging the company’s integrity. The executive’s unethical behavior resulted in huge debt and decoration of the value of shareholders. Tyco reached at the verge of bankruptcy. This kind of incident indicates how weak organizational culture was prevailing in Tyco. The leader himself was involved in unethical and illegal activities. A leader can cause success or failure of the organization. In case of Tyco, leader was the caused of the failure. Later, CEO and senior management had to resign and law indicted them. What happened in Tyco can be called failure of leadership and failure of management in checking unethical practice. All organizations have ethics code in place but it is merely a guideline. Organization should monitor how actively ethical code is followed. Moreover, a leader should take initiative and motivate and inspire the employees to follow the ethical practices so that slowly it becomes a part of the process and organizational culture.

Student Classification

THE TYPES OF TODAY’S STUDENTS According to my short observation in several universities, there are five unique types of today’s students that intersting to be discussed. The first is Bugscreen students. Today is a computerized era. So, there is no bookworm anymore. Students like to read literatures on internet through handphone, mini tab, or notebook better than to read a book in a library. It is more cool and can open two or more windows at once. It is booming as the booming of social media on internet and also as the great number of inexpensive unlimited internet service package in our country.The second is Democrazy students. This student never come late to join on demonstration. They do not care whatever the topic and like to scream aloud like a madman. Their power is also magic, can break auto glasses, pull out the road sign, etc. Nevertheless, they are running away when the police come.. ^_^. The third is Geesmart (geeky but smart) student. Usually wearing glasses , long sleeve shirt, cloth pants, but wear basketball shoes ^_^ . He/she is always in the front seat, even more fore from the lecturer desk ^_^. Even clever, he/she is geeky.. so easy if asked to do an assignment or giving cheat during exam ^_^.The fourth is Bohay students. They are favorite students of the man lecturers ^_^. Usually have plump body and wear a very tight clothes, consequently it looks â€Å"Pletat-pletot† in all parts of their body. Nevertheless, they are still desperated to wear it ^_^. The fifth is Quasi-activist students. Some of their characteristics are like carrying loudspeaker or whistles anywhere ^_^, like to provoke other students (such as invites demo, etc), rarely come to the class, even come, it only when an exams are held. Thanks.. ———————– Name: Nakrowi NIM: 110401090181 Class: F11R2 Subject: Writing II

Marketing strategies to attract buyers in times of financial crisis Essay

Marketing strategies to attract buyers in times of financial crisis - Essay Example The aim of this paper is to find out how companies in different parts of the world have responded to the global financial crisis in terms of changing their marketing strategies to address the changed needs and preferences of the customers during the financial crisis. Questions that are answered in this paper include; what are the patterns of change in the needs and preferences of the customers during the financial crisis? What are the principles of successful marketing during the times of financial crisis? What should be the companies’ focus during financial crisis to sustain their business and profitability despite the economic pressure? A lot of research has been recently made to study the effects of the recent global financial crisis on the companies as well as the consumers. During any financial crisis, consumers generally become worried about their future psychologically whether or not they have experienced the physical effects of the financial crisis in terms of lack or insufficiency of money themselves. This causes the consumers to become very much concerned about proper use of their money. The preferences of consumers change from luxuries to basic necessities, and they become very critical about the quality of products they purchase. This has many implications on the companies because they need to redesign their marketing strategies to address the changed needs and preferences of the consumers. Findings of this research and the topic of this term paper is of huge significance to the companies that are doing business in the contemporary age when the economy is recovering from the effects of the recent global financial crisis. Also, companies can benefit from these findings in the future during any possible financial crisis. Answers to the aforementioned questions have been found from a review of literature based on the findings of latest researches made to study the effect of the recent global financial crisis on the consumers’ behavior and the market strategies of the companies. 2. Current Research on the Topic 2.1 Effect of Financial Crisis on the Customers’ Behavior and Companies Market Strategies in Romania (Nistorescu and Puiu) conducted a qualitative study to study the way marketing strategies were adapted by the Romanian retailers to the changed buying behavior of the consumers during the global financial crisis. To accomplish this, (Nistorescu and Puiu) collected the empirical data from two companies, namely Carrefour and Real Hypermarket that belong to the Romanian retail sector. The researchers collected the primary data from the information shared on their websites, articles, as well as their annual reports. (Nistorescu and Puiu) observed the implementation of similar changes in the needs and preferences of their consumers during the crisis. Accordingly, both companies adopted similar marketing strategies during the financial crisis e.g. both used loyalty programs and in-store commercial to strengthe n their contact with their respective customers. 2.2 Effect of Financial Crisis on the Customers’ Behavior and Companies Market Strategies in Turkey (Koksal and Ozguk) conducted a quantitative research to examine the effect of financial crisis

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Great Expectations Custom Alternate Ending - Assignment Example The next day, I walked with Pip, and we took time to know each other. He showed to me the trail that will lead to â€Å"an enchanted house, where a mysterious lady and a snob fairy is† as young Pip referred to. I saw the trail, which earth is covered with dried leaves brought by autumn. It is the trail that is going to the site location of the old house of Ms. Havisham. I was worried at first for the young Pip’s sake for seeing a mysterious lady and a snob fairy in this abandoned place. If he is referring to the beauty of someone when I first saw Estella, perhaps I could understand the boy. I scanned around the familiar place, no one in sight. I rested my eyes to the abandoned wall that is now covered with moss and crawling ivy. I remembered Estella; she had leaned on that wall when Ms. Havisham had her portrait taken by an artist. Her hair was flowing down and it shone strikingly when a streak of sunlight had escaped from the heavily covered window of near the wall. Ms. Havisham immediately ran to the window to pull the draperies and cover the gap. I have heard that Estella’s husband died two years ago from a freak accident involving a horse and his cruelty in it. Someone had said that her beauty had somehow taken its toll with age. I have heard also that she went off and secluded herself from everyone, shut herself from the world. In the deepest part inside me, sleeping, desiring to seek for her. Young Pip had wandered around and settled down by the lake. He sat at the bedrock and joyously watched the flock of geese floating in the water. I walked past beyond the garden wall and got surprised when I saw the tip of the what seems to be a tiny brick roof of a tiny house that were covered by tall bushes and low trees, it was positioned where the brewery was positioned before. Its chimney is fuming faintly with white smoke that is almost unnoticeable. Joe did not tell me anything about this site’s

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Improving the Human Conditions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Tort of Negligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

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Crime analysis and investigation 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime analysis and investigation 2 - Essay Example Such an environment is most favorable for criminals and morally weak employees can make a lot of unjust money. The criminals can be experienced and trusted employees. One such story of crime is narrated in this paper. (Actors are Mr. X and the client). Mr. X has been working as a Marketing Manager for ABC company for over 5 years. He is responsible for earning the company new contracts. ABC company has been performing services in the Construction Industry for quite a while and has managed to gain the satisfaction of clients. Often, a client would directly approach ABC company for the execution of a new project. Therefore, the clients make negotiated contracts with ABC company. Mr. X makes all correspondence with the client on behalf of ABC company. One day a client calls him since the client wants ABC company to perform the services of a contractor on his upcoming project. Mr. X and the client exchange words. The client told Mr. X that he wants ABC company to construct a plaza for him. He says that he wants a lump sum contract with ABC company and gives Mr. X a set of drawings and the contract documents. Mr. X does not discuss about the offer with the owners, and tells the client an exaggerated price on behalf of the ABC company. He does that so that he can convince the client that he should instead choose Mr. X for his new project instead of ABC company. He tells the client that he is ready to complete the project at a much lower price than that of ABC company. The client accepts the offer and selects Mr. X to perform the services of contractor for his project. Thus Mr. X commits the crime of betraying his company and meets the clients for personal

Case for the Resurrection of Jesus Book Review Essay Example for Free

Case for the Resurrection of Jesus Book Review Essay Case for the Resurrection of Jesus By Gary R. Habermas, Michael R. Licona Zerrrouk (pen name) The Case for the Resurrection of Jesus, was written by Gary R. Habermas, and co-authored by Michael R. Licona. Haberma is a distinguished professor, and the chairman of Philosophy and Theology at Liberty University, in Virginia. Habermas, using a minimal amount of facts, gives a provoking argument for the historicity of the Jesus Christ’s resurrection. This book was not meant as a 100% sure way of proving the historicity of Jesus’ resurrection, as Haberma even admits, there is no way to prove for sure that it actually happened, but based on the information that he has compiled, he believes that it is completely and entirely probable. Habermas starts out this book by bring to light five historical facts that will accomplish his goal to provide provoking proof for the historicity of Jesus’ resurrection. First, he states the fact that Jesus died on the cross by crucifixion; secondly, that the disciples believed that Jesus had risen from the dead and had appeared before them as a bodily figure; thirdly, that Paul, as a former persecutor of Christians, was converted when he bet Jesus Christ; fourthly, that James was also converted in the same way that Paul was; and lastly, that the tomb was empty (although there were some theologians who have challenged this last point as an historical fact, therefore, not considered to be necessarily widely accepted as the other four points). With these five facts, Habermas includes a wealth of scholarly research to back up his main thesis and argument. In my general opinion, I found the second-last chapter of this book to be the most interesting. In a neutral and non-argumentative fashion, Habermas has focused this chapter on giving insight, for teaching Christians how to engage non-believers on the topic of Jesus’ resurrection. He includes how, as Christians, we must be Christ-like in our approach towards non-believers; by talking through love, humility, truth, and passion; and that we must avoid being argumentative in our approach, or else we lose the audience that we are trying to minister to by creating conflict. I found this book to be very useful for many different things. This has an excellent source to use in Christian apologetics and evangelism, by using Habermas’ non-conflict approach. He has articulated a very clear and resourceful account of Jesus’ resurrection, without pushing too much facts upon the reader so that he would not lose their attention, or automatically have them conclude that Jesus was never resurrected; therefore, he avoided very eschatological sourcing and arguments. He stuck to this focus from the beginning of the book, and he carried on with it throughout the entirety. Lastly, this book is an excellent source for people who do not acknowledge the Bible as an authoritative piece of writing.

Concepts and Features in Bookkeeping

Concepts and Features in Bookkeeping 1. Name two (2) business needs relating to bookkeeping Business needs will vary according to what type of business it is. Accurate recording and maintenance of transactions is a business need relating to bookkeeping another is compliance with legal requirements. As a bookkeeper you are required to be up to date with legislation related with bookkeeping to make sure you are able to do certain tasks and if the business owner is being ethical. 2. Why is clarifying business needs and expectations important? It makes it easier for you to understand and fulfil your role efficiently and effectively within the business. You need to have a clear understanding on what the owner of the business expects of you and whether you are able to fulfil your role. 3. Name four (4) customary roles and responsibilities of a bookkeeper Accounts payable: Receive and record invoices from suppliers Accounts receivable: Prepare and send invoices to debtors Accounts to trial balance: Petty cash reconciliation and processing. 4. Why is it important for a bookkeeper to define their roles and responsibilities with the business owner? The business owner will already have thought about what they require from the bookkeeper. So to make sure you are suitable for the job you need to have your role defined. Do you know the software or do you need a refresher course, do you need any additional training. Do you have the certification or are there any licensing requirements. To have an understanding of what the owner expects of the bookkeeper is crucial to doing your job effectively. 5. Name two (2) consequences that may occur when a bookkeeper completes activities that fall outside their roles and responsibilities. They may incur penalties through breaches of certain acts for instance if they were to lodge a tax form when they are not a registered tax agent. You may be unsure of how to complete that job efficiently and have the risk of making a mistake. For instance you are asked to analyse a report and you are not really sure of what the report means but you go ahead and give the owner advice. This can give the owner incorrect information of where his business is going which could lead him to make bad decisions for the business. 6. Provide an example of an activity that falls outside the responsibilities of a bookkeeper. Identify an alternative provider for that activity. Installing certain software on the computer for example anti-virus software that you know nothing about. In this instance you would use an I.T professional. 7. Explain what networks are and give an example of a networking group that you would advise your client to join. Networks are about a group of people coming together to exchange ideas which can be valuable to the business. Networks are established and maintained with the purpose of promoting business needs. Informal networks are contacts that have their own business contacts that they may refer you to give unbiased advice. It is good business practice to refer the business owner to relevant networks for further input some such instances may be an I.T specialist that you know who comes highly recommended or an accountant that you have heard is very good. You may refer these contacts when the client is looking for accounting software. The accountant you know may have worked with this software before and he recommended the I.T specialist who installed it. You may add the software suppliers to that network as well. 8. Outline a strategy a bookkeeper could implement in order to ensure their ongoing professional development. Explain in your answer how this professional development can be implemented. You will need to establish a strategy, planning and documenting as you go. Determine learning objectives and outcomes required and maintain your existing skills. Identify the pathways you have as an option to achieve these strategys then plan and implement your strategy. For example your employer wants to change over to a new accounting software. You would then have to research where, when and how you are going to learn this new software and what all the options are to suit your working lifestyle. Are you going to have to train new staff and how can you implement this. What networks are available to help you along the way. What resources are required and what pre-requisites if any are there? After making a plan you would have to sit down with your employer to establish how this plan is going to be implemented. Is he going to pay for the course if there is one? Will this be done on your own time or will he compensate for the time required to learn the new software? 9. Briefly explain how a bookkeeper can establish and maintain an effective working relationship with clients. To maintain an effective working relationship with your employer you need to be aware of your role they have set out for you with in the business. They will have a clear financial goal for their business and as a bookkeeper you will aid in developing that plan, you will need to continue your professional development to support the desired outcome and priorities of the business. By doing this you are maintaining a good working relationship with your client. It is good practice to ask for feedback from your clients to ensure they are happy with your services and make changes to your service, to provide a service that your clients will be happy with. To think that no feedback is good feedback is not a good way to achieve personal development. Feedback allows you to identify and act on opportunities to improve your development. This will encourage growth by allowing you to approach new tasks or existing tasks in a different manner, improve communication between yourself and the relevant parties and lead to expanding the range of services you offer. You also need to be adaptable to change, develop your ability to apply the skills and knowledge gained, implement change, keep your knowledge up to date and monitor the relevant business needs. 10. If a bookkeeper has a problem with a client not handing over their payroll records, what strategies can they implement to ensure that correct records are received and compliance requirements are met? You need to set up a bookkeeping system to ensure compliance requirements of the business are being met at all times. For example confidentiality of financial information is protected. Financial information is easily accessible for relevant parties, financial information is stored and maintained in an organised and secure manner, non-compliance is identified and dealt with in a timely and effective manner, roles and responsibilities are clear, the business stays up to date with changes to laws as they are introduced and transactions are recorded accurately and in an efficient and timely manner. Establishing a system that is clear to your client and yourself will eliminate confusion of compliance on all bookkeeping matters. You would need to carry out some research this may include speaking to the accounting association and payroll experts and other relevant contacts with in your networks. The aim here is to identify the legal requirements and how they relate to this particular business. During this analysis you will need to identify any existing related policies, obstacles and implementation issues foreseen. Does the business have policies and procedures related to payroll? If so what are they and are the legal requirements up to date? If there are changes or introductions to new payroll laws then you would need to identify the relevant parties that may be affected and whose support is necessary to develop a policy change. Once the policy is approved by the appropriate person it will then need to be communicated to all payroll staff and any training if necessary to implement the procedures that relate to payroll policy to ensure compliance with the policy and legislation. It is important to have good c ommunication with the business owner and accountant to ensure the business needs are met. Planning, gathering information, documentation and testing are important functions in the process. 11. Identify at least two (2) bookkeeping associations that a bookkeeper would find useful and explain the benefits of belonging to that association. List the criteria for membership. The Australian Bookkeepers Association is governed by bookkeepers, is 100% Australian. The governance structure allows for greater involvement from members. Voting ABA members receive a reduction in the required hours of relevant experience when applying for or renewing a BAS agent registration with the Tax Practitioners Board from 1400 to 1000 hours. Representation in more arenas that affect you as a bookkeeper. They focus on training and learning. You are given the opportunity to become more involved in your profession. You have a chance to have your voice heard and ideas presented to appropriate bodies, organisations and government departments. Membership is open to bookkeepers at all stages of business for $462 per year which is tax deductable. You will have access to a library of technical publications and be able to network with the bookkeeping community. You can get one on one support from a team of experts and get a members only deal on Indemnity insurance for bookkeepers. At the Institute of Certified Bookkeepers you can gain certified bookkeeper status through accredited prior learning, work experience or ICB examinations. ICB member benefits are all about resources, items, benefits that directly add value to the ICB Member. In some cases they are commercial advantage but most are related to the Bookkeeper being better at what they do. As a member you have Practical, usable, everyday help. An extensive knowledge base, information library, how to guides, checklists and templates. Phone, email and web-based support for all bookkeepers provided by bookkeepers. Accessing a network of experts when required. Updates News, from the website or from social media, stay right up to date with developments in the bookkeeping community. ICB generated and monitored access to the most appropriate education and training for bookkeepers. Enhance your professional image by adopting a [emailprotected] email. Template newsletters provided to you for tailoring, personali sing and providing to your clients. Access the newsletter information by podcast allowing you to listen at your leisure, along with many more member benefits. There are different levels of membership that require different prices for example where membership is sought based on qualifications: The Certificate IV must have been awarded within the past two years in order to stand alone, otherwise a bookkeeper knowledge assessment will be required. http://www.icb.org.au/ accessed 15/02/2017 http://www.austbook.net/aba/ accessed 15/02/2017 12. Search bookkeeper engagement letter to find sample engagement letters. Engagement letters outline the terms and conditions under which the bookkeeper will provide services and the limit of those services. List 4 matters covered in an engagement letter and explain why it is important that both the bookkeeper and potential client, before signing, seek feedback on any matter covered in this document. One term in the engagement letter is the services you agree to provide to the business. This is important so that the client understands what your role will be in their business and what services you are able to provide and what you cannot provide. For example you may not be a registered Tax agent so therefore the client cannot expect you to lodge their tax. You will have in detail the services you can provide. Another term would be the client/business owner responsibilities, which may include paperwork relating to the transactions for the month or quarter, ongoing access to the business software, bank statements, credit card statements etc. You may also have something stating the client is to answer queries as required and that ABNs of suppliers be checked at least once a year to ensure they are valid. A signed authority by the business owner to enable you as a bookkeeper to contact the tax agent via phone or email as required. Other signed authorisations enabling you to make payments on their behalf. Terms of Engagement will have your service fees that the client will sign to say they agree with your fee and when it will be paid, any late fees and other additional terms if payment is not met. Confidentiality will be a term regarding all matters connected with and relating to the business, where you agree to not disclose any information to anyone without being authorised to do so in writing or unless legally required. After you and your client have both read and agreed to the terms and conditions of your employment you will both sign the engagement letter. This is important to formalise your business relationship. This letter seals the deal, articulates and solidifies expectations of both contractor and client. This will stand as a contract between you and your client and can protect your interests as you move forward in your business. It is important to discuss the letter before signing in case there is anything you have missed or neglected to include in the letter, this will avoid misunderstanding as to what you have agreed to do. It will provide your client with the opportunity to ask for any additional services upfront if necessary, and it protects you from doing work you had not originally planned to.